Essays --

zep big bucks is a fundamental and must-know term in chemistry. Anyone who studies chemistry begins the journey with this term. The molar mass of a nitty-gritty is defined as the mass of one mole of any substance where the carbon-12 isotope is assigned a value of exactly 12gmol-1. Its symbol is M. Molar mass is important because of its usefulness in various calculations. To chemistry students, it is a tool to solve many problems and exercises, as molar mass can be used to calculate the mass or the heart and soul of a sample of a certain substance. Obviously, the most popular way to determine a substances molar mass is by using its chemical formula. Another way is to use a sample of that substance and calculate from the mass and the amount of substance. However, not many people would think of using titration and back titration to calculate the molar mass of a substance.Titration is the addition of a known-concentration solution, or the titrant, to a known-volume of a solution of u nknown concentration, or the analyte, until the reaction reaches the equivalence point, which would be indicated vis...

Alcohol and Drinking - Alcoholism :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Alcoholism It was a rainy Wednesday afternoon and little Tommy was struggling to cross the slippery puddle- filled streets. The crossing restrain at the corner felt a tug at her leg and it was Tommy waiting to cross. He waited patiently at the corner until traffic seemed to clear. The crossing observe began to depart Tommy across the street when out of nowhere a car sped around the corner and without acknowledging the crossing pedestrians, ended little Tommys life. Tommys parents were called at work and notified of the horrible accident. Through all the gory details they received the same awful truth that is heard by millions every year, Tommy had been killed by a drunk driver. Alcoholism is an epidemic in America that affects the lives of many. Alcoholism, as a disease, affects the individual, the family, and society as a whole. Families are torn apart, domestic violence occurs, and fair bystanders lives can be changed forever, just like little Tommys. Drunk driving is just on e of the many appears involving the abuse of alcohol. Alcohol abuse can lead to further drug and substance dependence. On the individual, alcohol damages bodily processes and organs, and affects personality and temperament. An approach to treating this serious illness is group therapy and individual counseling. The severity of the puzzle and the willingness of the patient will determine the extent of treatment he or she will undergo. Though there are many aspects of alcoholism, a major issue at hand is whether or not alcoholism is a genetically inherited disease. Through research studies and surveys, it is evident that alcoholism is, in fact, genetically inherited. communicable makeup is not the only factor, however. Environmental influences can foster genes and motivate a person to drink. Many people drink due to a neurological imbalance (which causes a psychological disorder). Others use alcohol as an outlet to their daily stresses. There is even a group of people who become a lcoholics with an enigmatical motive. Alcoholism is a disease with many dimensions. This disorder begins as early as childhood and elevates throughout adolescence to its prime stage in adulthood. The early age are the crucial determination point. If a child grows up with constant exposure to alcohol, they will most likely pattern their behavior after the map model. This is how the whole cycle continues. It is unfortunate that so many Americans are affected by this disease and they are not even aware of it.

Cather in the Rye :: Catcher Rye Essays

Catcher In The Rye This novel is a start-off person narrative novel. The main character Holden Caulfield tells the novel. The first few chapters are about how the private school he attended Gave him the axe. for not applying himself in his classes later on several warnings.Holden was pretty upset about the whole deal because he knew that his parents would be disappointed with him for getting kicked out of an otherwise school.That same night Holden got onto a fight with his roommate, now very angry Holden leaves the school earlier than he is supposed to. He catches a train to the metropolis around eleven at night though cant go home yet because his parents dont know that he got the axe yet and he doesnt fell like telling them bonny yet so he decides to stay in a hotel until his parents expect him home for Christmas vacation. When he arrives in the city he hops on a cab to a cheesy hotel for the night and as he is alone in his room he feels lonely and sort of discourage so he goes to the bar in the hotel for a drink. All the people in the bar make him even more depressed so he decides to call it a night. On the way to his room, in the elevator the elevator attendant offers to send him up a hooker for the night. beingness a virgin Holden decides to take him up on the hooker. Once the hooker makes it up to his room he gets cold feet and decides not to have sex with her and just talk. The hooker gets mad at Holden for wasting her time and leaves. Minutes later the hookers pimp comes looking for money and eventually ends up drubbing up Holden.The following day Holden calls up an old girlfriend Sally Hues for a date. On the date they get into a minor argument with all(prenominal) other and Holden actually tells her that she is a pain in the ass. That was the end of that date. That night Holden meets an old friend at the bar and gets very, very drunk and realizes that he has spend all his money and is very depressed. He has no place to go nobody to talk to and he feels really crumby he even mentioned dying. His only other choice was to sneak home and see his sister then leave in the morning.

Friendship in Harry Potter Essay -- English Literature

Friendship in Harry PotterFriendship is an in-depth relationship miscellany trust, loyalty andsupport. It is the combination of understanding, empathy and intimacy.But, no one can form a admirership until he/she realizes that the basisof being friends is meeting the needs of the other person. virtuoso must bea friend in order to have one (Mugglenet). Friendship and its maincomponents loyalty-trust, support, and similar values are very heartyemphasized in Harry Potter and The Sorcerers Stone.Trust and loyalty go hand-in-hand for friends. Friends are trustedwith secrets, both large and small, because good friends neer break aconfidence. Good friends are forever loyal. This is the case of Hagridwith Professor Dumbledore. Hagrid is forever loyal to Dumbledoredespite of their differences because the professor has trusted Hagridwith important undertakings. An important pick out of trust andresponsibility that friends deserve in order to feel appreciated. Asimilar example of loyalty is portrait when Harry stood up for his newfriend Ron Weasley when Draco Malfoy insult...

Minority Voter Intimidation and Suppression in America Today Essay

Summary of PaperThe Government of the coupled States is one which exists on the belief that altogether citizens of the country should have an be regulate in the forge of the government. In essence, this means all eligible citizens are guaranteed the duty to vote and that, according to formula passed decades ago, it is a crime to block up ones right to vote. disdain this primeval property of our democracy, several groups of people have, it seems, been marginalized and frightend in such a way that their right to vote, as well as their effectiveness in elections, has been diminished. Stemming from conflicts during and following the Civil War, minority voters have consistently had to overcome immense obstacles to exercise the fundamental right, which was assured to them in the Constitution of the linked States. Beginning with the go for of incredibly violent and straight-foreword means, the suppression of the minority vote has morphed into something that is difficult to comb at. Over time, as legislation has been introduced in an attempt to eliminate the determent of minorities, the methods utilized to intimidate have been forced to adapt and become stealthier. After the ballot Rights Act of 1965, the federal government was able to enforce keep invidious voting practices from waiver into effect in many states. Still then, the violations continued and the methods for suppressing minority voters only changed. Even today, certain groups are utilizing tactics such as voter legislation and voter marginalization to make minorities feel as if their votes do not count or that it is too difficult to cast a vote. Things such as voter identification laws, misleading informational campaigns, and intimidation are all tactics that have been utilized in the most recent American elections. In revisal to stop the spread of these tactics and ensure minority voters are guaranteed the rights of every other citizen, action must be taken in a manikin of ways. downsizin g of the Minority VoteThe Government of the United States is one which exists on the belief that all citizens of the country should have an equal say in the function of the government. In essence, this means all eligible citizens are guaranteed the right to vote and that, according to legislation passed decades ago, it is a crime to hinder ones right to vote. Despite this fundamental property ... ...r the ongoing problem. The only real long-term solution proposed would establish some sort of commission for voting equality, which would oversee all elections and electoral legislation, though such a commission would certainly be nearly impossible.Works CitedAmerican Civil Liberties Union, Reaffirmation or Requiem for the Voting Rights Act?CBS News. N.p., 29 Oct. 2012. Web. 6 Dec. 2014..Election Protection. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. .G.O.P. to Expand Ballot Security It Used in Jersey. New York Times. N.p., 9 Nov. 1981. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. .Voter Fraud and Voter Intimidation. United St ates Commission on Civil Rights. N.p., 13 Oct. 2006. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. .Voter Intimidation and Suppression in America Today. People for the American Way. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. . Minority Voter Intimidation and Suppression in America Today EssaySummary of PaperThe Government of the United States is one which exists on the belief that all citizens of the country should have an equal say in the function of the government. In essence, this means all eligible citizens are guaranteed the right to vote and that, according to legislation passed decades ago, it is a crime to hinder ones right to vote. Despite this fundamental property of our democracy, several groups of people have, it seems, been marginalized and intimidated in such a way that their right to vote, as well as their effectiveness in elections, has been diminished. Stemming from conflicts during and following the Civil War, minority voters have consistently had to overcome immense obstacles to exercise th e fundamental right, which was assured to them in the Constitution of the United States. Beginning with the use of incredibly violent and straight-foreword means, the suppression of the minority vote has morphed into something that is difficult to combat. Over time, as legislation has been introduced in an attempt to eliminate the intimidation of minorities, the methods utilized to intimidate have been forced to adapt and become stealthier. After the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the federal government was able to enforce keep discriminatory voting practices from going into effect in many states. Still then, the violations continued and the methods for suppressing minority voters only changed. Even today, certain groups are utilizing tactics such as voter legislation and voter marginalization to make minorities feel as if their votes do not count or that it is too difficult to cast a vote. Things such as voter identification laws, misleading informational campaigns, and intimidation ar e all tactics that have been utilized in the most recent American elections. In order to stop the spread of these tactics and ensure minority voters are guaranteed the rights of every other citizen, action must be taken in a variety of ways.Suppression of the Minority VoteThe Government of the United States is one which exists on the belief that all citizens of the country should have an equal say in the function of the government. In essence, this means all eligible citizens are guaranteed the right to vote and that, according to legislation passed decades ago, it is a crime to hinder ones right to vote. Despite this fundamental property ... ...r the ongoing problem. The only real long-term solution proposed would establish some sort of commission for voting equality, which would oversee all elections and electoral legislation, though such a commission would certainly be nearly impossible.Works CitedAmerican Civil Liberties Union, Reaffirmation or Requiem for the Voting Rights Act ?CBS News. N.p., 29 Oct. 2012. Web. 6 Dec. 2014..Election Protection. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. .G.O.P. to Expand Ballot Security It Used in Jersey. New York Times. N.p., 9 Nov. 1981. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. .Voter Fraud and Voter Intimidation. United States Commission on Civil Rights. N.p., 13 Oct. 2006. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. .Voter Intimidation and Suppression in America Today. People for the American Way. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. .

Minority Voter Intimidation and Suppression in America Today Essay

Summary of PaperThe Government of the f all(prenominal) in States is one which exists on the belief that all citizens of the country should have an qualified theorize in the guide of the government. In essence, this means all eligible citizens are guaranteed the proper(a) to vote and that, according to edict passed decades ago, it is a crime to draw a blank ones right to vote. condescension this entire property of our democracy, several groups of people have, it seems, been marginalized and throttled in such a way that their right to vote, as well as their effectiveness in elections, has been diminished. Stemming from conflicts during and following the Civil War, minority voters have consistently had to overcome immense obstacles to exercise the fundamental right, which was assured to them in the Constitution of the united States. Beginning with the using up of incredibly violent and straight-foreword means, the suppression of the minority vote has morphed into something that is difficult to combat. Over time, as legislation has been introduced in an attempt to eliminate the intimidation of minorities, the methods utilized to intimidate have been forced to adapt and become stealthier. After the vote Rights Act of 1965, the federal government was able to enforce keep prejudiced voting practices from expiry into effect in many states. Still then, the violations continued and the methods for suppressing minority voters only changed. Even today, certain groups are utilizing tactics such as voter legislation and voter marginalization to make minorities feel as if their votes do not count or that it is too difficult to cast a vote. Things such as voter identification laws, misleading informational campaigns, and intimidation are all tactics that have been utilized in the most recent American elections. In grade to stop the spread of these tactics and ensure minority voters are guaranteed the rights of every other citizen, action must be taken in a s train of ways. retrenchment of the Minority VoteThe Government of the United States is one which exists on the belief that all citizens of the country should have an equal say in the function of the government. In essence, this means all eligible citizens are guaranteed the right to vote and that, according to legislation passed decades ago, it is a crime to hinder ones right to vote. Despite this fundamental property ... ...r the ongoing problem. The only real long-term solution proposed would establish some sort of commission for voting equality, which would oversee all elections and electoral legislation, though such a commission would certainly be nearly impossible.Works CitedAmerican Civil Liberties Union, Reaffirmation or Requiem for the Voting Rights Act?CBS News. N.p., 29 Oct. 2012. Web. 6 Dec. 2014..Election Protection. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. .G.O.P. to Expand Ballot Security It Used in Jersey. New York Times. N.p., 9 Nov. 1981. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. .Voter Fraud and Vot er Intimidation. United States Commission on Civil Rights. N.p., 13 Oct. 2006. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. .Voter Intimidation and Suppression in America Today. People for the American Way. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. . Minority Voter Intimidation and Suppression in America Today EssaySummary of PaperThe Government of the United States is one which exists on the belief that all citizens of the country should have an equal say in the function of the government. In essence, this means all eligible citizens are guaranteed the right to vote and that, according to legislation passed decades ago, it is a crime to hinder ones right to vote. Despite this fundamental property of our democracy, several groups of people have, it seems, been marginalized and intimidated in such a way that their right to vote, as well as their effectiveness in elections, has been diminished. Stemming from conflicts during and following the Civil War, minority voters have consistently had to overcome immens e obstacles to exercise the fundamental right, which was assured to them in the Constitution of the United States. Beginning with the use of incredibly violent and straight-foreword means, the suppression of the minority vote has morphed into something that is difficult to combat. Over time, as legislation has been introduced in an attempt to eliminate the intimidation of minorities, the methods utilized to intimidate have been forced to adapt and become stealthier. After the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the federal government was able to enforce keep discriminatory voting practices from going into effect in many states. Still then, the violations continued and the methods for suppressing minority voters only changed. Even today, certain groups are utilizing tactics such as voter legislation and voter marginalization to make minorities feel as if their votes do not count or that it is too difficult to cast a vote. Things such as voter identification laws, misleading informational camp aigns, and intimidation are all tactics that have been utilized in the most recent American elections. In order to stop the spread of these tactics and ensure minority voters are guaranteed the rights of every other citizen, action must be taken in a variety of ways.Suppression of the Minority VoteThe Government of the United States is one which exists on the belief that all citizens of the country should have an equal say in the function of the government. In essence, this means all eligible citizens are guaranteed the right to vote and that, according to legislation passed decades ago, it is a crime to hinder ones right to vote. Despite this fundamental property ... ...r the ongoing problem. The only real long-term solution proposed would establish some sort of commission for voting equality, which would oversee all elections and electoral legislation, though such a commission would certainly be nearly impossible.Works CitedAmerican Civil Liberties Union, Reaffirmation or Requiem for the Voting Rights Act?CBS News. N.p., 29 Oct. 2012. Web. 6 Dec. 2014..Election Protection. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. .G.O.P. to Expand Ballot Security It Used in Jersey. New York Times. N.p., 9 Nov. 1981. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. .Voter Fraud and Voter Intimidation. United States Commission on Civil Rights. N.p., 13 Oct. 2006. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. .Voter Intimidation and Suppression in America Today. People for the American Way. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. .

Achievements of science Essay

The history of human civilization is a record of the achievements of science, amongst other things. We have been observing great scientific achievements since the dawn of the 20th century. save the invention which has brought about a revolutionary change in the world is estimator. The history of information processing system science began long before the modern discipline of computer science that emerged in the 20th century, and hinted at in the centuries prior. The progression, from mechanical inventions and mathematical theories towards the modern concepts and machines, formed a major academic field and the basis of a massive worldwide industry. The man behind the thought of this great invention was a British professor of mathematics named Charles Babez. In 1830, he designed a machine named Analytical Engine which had common sides with the present structure of computer. Then step by step, computer got its current shape through discordant execution and research.In terms of work ing criteria, there be three kinds of computers. These are analog, digital and hybrid. The analog computer work by chronologically counting of fault figures and the digital computer works by using mathematical methods and counting electric waves. The hybrid computer is a combination of the above two it works by using both characteristics of analog and the digital. According to the size, space and working capacity, there are four variations of digital computer super computer, mainframe computer, mini-frame computer and micro computer. The total figure of computer is divided into three main units input unit, central processing unit (CPU), output unit. The input unit receives the entropy and delivers to memory, memory stores it for the time being and the arithmetic logic unit defines it and directs to process it with necessary programs and delivers the result to output unit to present and memory stores the result for good if needed.The whole procedure is executed by the control un it. The arithmetic logic unit, control unit and memory constitute the CPU. The fields of application of computer are uncountable. From space research to personal am customment, each and every fact of human race is being influenced by this machine. Governmental issues, commercial vocations, scientific analysis, educational tasks and various works are being operated and controlled automatically by its graft. Now, scientists are trying to invent artificial intelligence and if thatll possible, computer will be substitute of human. in that location is no argument that computer has done incalculable benefits to man. But as its amachine, it can also be operated against mankind. So, it depends on us to use it in a proper way and get the best output from it and have a life of comfort, easy and peace.

Astonomy

Small tutorial groups for Individual discussions each eek (Questions of the Week) Wel go to Astronomy/Origins 2803 Your instructor Dry. Christine Wilson astrophysics, relativity, cosmology Keep an individual Journal on the Avenue to learn site -Respond with your thoughts and questions (through the Avenue site) to the weekly topics Jeremy Webb (Head TA) Special guest lecturers & a team of excellent parturiency Your tutorial group meetings hook on Swept. 10th A bit about me Professionally I am an observational astronomer. My main interests argon gasolene and star formation in galaxies.I work primarily with radio and far-infrared data. A bit about the course Vie been a professor at overshadow for 22 years. Focus on big questions in physical sciences (with no math ) Last year I was on sabbatical working with the Tacoma deep Millimeter Array (ALMA) in Santiago, Chile and in Charlottesville, Virginia. The chance to discuss the big, fundamental questions of science space and t ime, the universe on large scales, the big bang, Acheronian matter Marking Scheme more details provided on Avenue Site 35% Final exam 15% 4% Clicker questions 22% understand 14% Participation in tutorials (not Just attendanceIndividual Journal First Mark in the course comes from logging into Avenue to Learn Tutorials are a key comp iodinent of the course tutorials lead off in the first full week of classes (10th) make sure you have signed up for one ** account for a significant portion of your final mark switching of tutorial sections can only be done with Solar Log onto Venezuelan and introduce yourself to the rest of your tutorial section and introducing yourself to the rest of your tutorial group Deadline September 1 5th Avenue to Learn Astronomy 2803 / ORIGINS 2803 Tutorial groups start Swept 10th.Heres how they work The discussion question of the week will be announced beforehand on Avenue Think about it overnight and come to your tutorial group ready to discuss it thoug hts, reflections, conclusions, further questions. Your TA will set up the question and divide you up into smaller discussion groups for fractional the period. Then, each subgroup summarizes its conclusions final round for general discussion. What youll find on the avenue page Course Materials (outline, detailed marking scheme, project lists) A discussion stadium for your tutorial group Place to write your Journals (only your TA can see your entries (more details to come) Calendar of important dates Place to ask questions Click on guinea pig -Clickers -Register using your MAGIC (not student ) -Write down your clicker serial number somewhere, it will wear off Discussion topic for next weeks tutorial meeting (tutorial groups start next week ) What are the ethical implications of colonizing impair or other places in the Solar System? Should we do it? What do you think about the Mars One Idea?

Hocheng Philippines Corporation Essay

Hocheng Philippines Corporation has been well-known for their finest creations of bathroom fixtures and accessories. It has acquired latest high-tech machineries and fit workforce to provide high-quality porcelain products which is considered to be their main priority. Most of their toil relies on these machineries that might result to interruption if there will be some technical foul problems experienced. Back up forge should be established to at least avoid delay in production.Safety in workplace is essential and should non be neglected by the management. There is a Violation Receipt which is intended for strict compliance with the rules regarding proper attire for safety. Someone noticed to be in violation will be reprimanded. Though, while exploring every last(predicate) the sides of the plant, I saw employees not in their uniforms, only erosion shorts and are bare-breasted which maybe is permissible to the management since these specific employees are under casting proces s.On the other hand, I noticed that there are a pot of ceiling fans that help in fast drying of the clays molded/ceramics that make much of the dust spread in air around the place which dominates wearing of masks whe neer in the workplace, but none of them wears one. This could be a huge risk in their health. The company must provide a strong policy regarding the implementation of wearing mask every time they are exposed to dust, come up with an excellent way to oblige employees in obeying with the plant instructions for worker aegis and inform them about the hazards.Furthermore, there is only a little supervision from the management to its employees in actual interrogation of the outputs. One of them disclosed that before packing, testing the flush should be made, but this is sometimes made randomly, and not for the entire units. There should be someone responsible for ensuring that all products went under testing and that all the employees are doing their jobs, most especially for those employees sleeping during lunch breaks. Someone must be roaming around, to check if none of them does that during work hours.Good thing about the production process is that it is well automated which minimizes human intervention and speeds up the process. But its huge reliance to machines results to possible delay in production if even meet one part of it fails to function properly. If the machine crashes or experiences some technical problems, the production will be in halt. Thus, back up equipment or plan should be active by the management in case this happens. Sanitation and freshness were well-emphasized by the company. Of course, those are essential and of a great deal to their consumers.As a matter of fact, it was shown in the video that the pans used in baking are regularly and intensively cleaned and how these are cleaned but none was indicated about make clean the machines used. Dough is not only placed on the pans, these also touch other parts of equipment be fore reaching the packaging section. It is impossible that these machines will never be subject to dirt, even if it is in a closed area. Therefore, they should find a way to maintain these machines sanitized, cleaning them regularly as possible without touch on the time allotted for the production.Upon observing in a short span of time, though in a limited view, a huge bulk of boodle came into my attention. It was at the floor. I thrust no idea regarding the plan for that filthy dough but most probably, it is not going near our mouth. Hence, it should be single out to a separate container, clearly emphasizing that it is no longer to be used for production to ensure that confusion will be avoided and that there is no chance of accidentally including it to clean ones.Strength Hocheng Philippines Corporation has been well-known for their finest creations of bathroom fixtures and accessories. It has acquired latest high-tech machineries and equipped workforce to provide high-quality porcelain products which is considered to be their main priority. As what one of the employees said, We do not let our product even with just a small slight crack reach our customers. In fact, all processes gestate TQC (Total Quality Control).There is QA (Quality Assurance) every month, like an auditing to randomly check if quality requirements are met to have quality-products. It serves as systematic requirement, a comparison with a standard. In addition to this, every certain period, there is four-hour training for skills development of the current employees. Kanban System is implemented in the company. It is a scheduling system for lean and JIT (Just-in-time) production, which has been prove to be a great way for improvement in the entire production.And, there is automation in maintaining/monitoring inventory. To simplify and speed up in updating the inventory level, the company uses barcode. However, for those items that are broken or defective, updating in inventory system is done manually and it is handled by three people, eliminating the contingency of having false information regarding these outputs. HCG uses Proximity scan (through ID) in entering the plant. This improves efficiency and reduces the possibility of deception.Furthermore, check list of materials to be used for casting is prepared by an immediate supervisor and if the materials prepared are found out to be insufficient, the employees themselves will approach a person in charge to have material requisition. Also, there is move ticket to authorize every time there will be transferring of materials. Almost stages in the whole system require documentation. Even for those items that are to be disposed, are being accompanied by appropriate records which help in audit trail purposes.

The Most Important Event in Us History

Most Significant Event in U. S. History The Louisiana Purchase The coupled States is not the most perfect surface area, still it is unrivalled of the most successful countries of the modern world. Our countrys vast history contains an immense derive of significant and momentous events that have molded our country into the place we know today. As a country, we have had our fair share of triumph, crisis, and everything in between. But overall, the most im portant event in the history of the United States is the Louisiana Purchase, Thomas Jeffersons purchasing of 828,000 square miles of grunge in Central the States causing the country to double in size.The purchase of this terrible amount of orbit advanced us politically as we began to make decisions to start expanding and improving our country, our economy improved due to the gain of the Mississippi River and wise Orleans trade port, and it diversified America by introducing new races to us, including the Spanish and French. T he President at the time of the Louisiana Purchase, Thomas Jefferson, had a great desire for his countrys western expansion. One of Louisianas most populous cities at the time, New Orleans, was a popular trading port that sit on the Mississippi River.Jefferson knew American settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains relied on river dishonor for trading, so he decided to try to gain its control. When Jefferson discovered that he terminate up getting ten times the amount of land he asked for a pretty decent price, he was shocked. The land that America now own doubled the size of the country. Even though the U. S. was not financially in a position to be spending as much as $15 million dollars, Jefferson could not simply pass up this bargain at nearly 3 cents an acre. This large expansion of our country gave us more land to begin to farm and create settlements on.Even though this move was inexpensive, many Federalists claimed it was unconstitutional. Nowhere did the Constitution s tate that the federal government was allowed to purchase new land. Jefferson knew that this was unconstitutional and entangle guilty for even going through with the offer, since it went against his strong beliefs for upholding the constitutional rights. But most Americans supported him and his decision, so he decided to stick with it. Jeffersons unwarranted carry of following his dream of western expansion gave inspiration for future presidents, including Abraham Lincoln, and Franklin D.Roosevelt to take strong executive action even when the constitutional laws were absent. Jeffersons act of near defiance to take the land our people needed is very important to our country and what it is today. The purchase of this large amount of land made America seem threatening to most other countries, since European colonies were no longer present in North America. The Louisiana Purchase was wholeness of the first study actions that began to unify the country, strengthen, and expand it at t he same time.When New Orleans was still below French rule, American trade was put in jeopardy when snooze threatened to block U. S. access to the New Orleans trade port of the Mississippi River. Due to the location of the Appalachian Mountain range, American settlements relied on river transport to trade their goods. So Jefferson made sure he claimed the territory of Louisiana for his country. Once American had access to the Mississippi River and the New Orleans Trade port in time trade was able to flourish. Also, the land purchase included thirteen new states that became a part of our country, which also improved our economy.When Jefferson decided to ship out his secretary, Meriwether Lewis and army officer William Clark to explore his newly purchased land, with the help of a Shoshoni woman Sacajawea, it was another plus for our countrys economy. America gained an expansive amount of scientific observations, and many maps and ideas of the land and its climate and regions. We coul d now create new states, and create new types of farming and agricultural opportunities, now possible with the vast amounts of land just gained. The Louisiana Purchase helped broaden ways for our economy to grow and expand its horizons with advances in trade, and agriculture.The Louisiana Purchase benefited our country in many ways, and one of the most acknowledged advancements we see and know today is the racial diversity we received when the U. S. acquired Louisiana. Even before Louisiana was under French control, it was preciously under Spanish reign. The mix of these races, French, Spanish, and also the African American slaves brought to America gave and still gives New Orleans its assorted culture it has to this day. Before the Louisiana Purchase, the majority of the citizens musical accompaniment in America were either white, or slaves brought over from Africa.The gain of Louisiana gave America the racial diversity it needed to begin to grow culturally as a country. Today New Orleans is one of the most culture rich cities in our country. It has customs all its own. When Louisiana became a state in 1812, it took its French legal traditions with it. Even now, Louisiana has many laws that are quite different than the English common law. The Louisiana Purchase helped diversify our country and was one of the first states that added different culture and races to our country. The U. S. s a country that has been through and abundance of historical events. But by far, the most significant event in our American history is the Louisiana Purchase. It has expanded and improved our country and inspired our countrys future leaders, it introduced new trade and agricultural possibilities, and it gave our country the racial diversity it needed to enrich our countrys culture. The Louisiana Purchase was the breakthrough our country needed to put an end to controlling colonies and to start pickings over continents.

Examining Collaborative and Individual Writing Processes

Examining Collaborative and Individual indite Processes Stephen McLeod University of Phoenix Collaborative report is a tool that is being utilized more often in the victor world as well as the educational world. The collaborative writing process is similar to the individual writing process as many of the very(prenominal) rules apply. In this paper we, as a learning team up, result illustrate some examples of how to use the tools of individual writing in the collaborative process.Writing as a group facilitates a more thorough and accurate end result because the work is sh ard between all components rather than resting on the shoulders of scarce one individual. It also enables more opinions and facts to be presented by the team as productive writers making the reader able to easy understand what is being expressed. The nearly logical place to begin this process is by cerebrate. According to www. dictionary. reference. com, brainstorming is defined as a conference technique of solving specific problems, amassing information, impact creative thinking, developing new ideas, etc. by unrestrained and spontaneous participation in discussion. In order to write an excellent paper, for any topic, requires untold brainstorming to have the paper written well. There are many government agencys for teams to brainstorm, some of which include all members of the team writing their own ideas experience and then(prenominal) sharing them with the group, or the facilitator of the brainstorming group writing down ideas on a large, whiteboard while the team members shout their ideas like a plunk for of charades. Both are excellent ways to come up with ideas and have fun in the process which, in turn, keeps all parties involved, relaxed and more focused.However, ending up with too many vague or off-topic ideas ordain cause the team to lose focus resulting in the first problem arising. A great way to succeed is matching up the ideas and topics from brainstorming and putting it together in writing. When working with a group versus individually, more ideas and topics will be brought up that differently might have been over-looked. Brainstorming is more effective with a group than with an individual because everyone is giving their ideas to the paper. It is more difficult to put the paper together when everyone is not in greement on the topic. Resolving conflicts is necessary for effective brainstorming. angiotensin converting enzyme way to resolve conflicts in the group is to have two ideas for each specific topic, allowing everyone in the group to give his or her feedback. Another solution to resolve conflicts would be to take a vote based upon the most thorough information presented to the group. The have a go at it of plagiarism should also be resolved during the brainstorming process. The group should agree upon the level of plagiarism that will or will not be tolerated for entrance money into the paper.After a while, a team would determ ine if the paper is perfect for that particular topic. As for an individual, he or she would know if the paper has met the requirements however, without the advantage of brainstorming with another(prenominal) person, one would have no feedback upon which to base the decision. Once the topic has been agreed upon, the next step is to begin the investigate. The first action that is necessary when doing research as a team is to identify the topic that is going to be written about and develop that topic into a specific pendant matter. fashioning a list of possible places one can look for information, whether it is on the Internet or in a library, is a smart place to begin. Having three-fold people who can offer their ideas and opinions is much better than doing the research on ones own. Being organized is important because it assists the writers in keeping racecourse of citation information, keeping the irrelevant information out of the way and preventing confusion by placement of pa ragraphs and sub-topics throughout the change process.Doing this will enable the reader to easily comprehend the paper. The next step is to find background or other information the team could use to analyze and observe the main subject matter. Referencing an encyclopedia, a news article, or bibliographies will help set the context of the research. Having multiple people involved makes the search quick and easy. Knowledge of a specific subject by someone in the team is not always necessary which, in my opinion, is what makes the research the most important part of any writing.Research is call for in order to delve deeper into whatever subject being written about, thus creating more information to analyze to determine what is useful and what is irrelevant. This is where a big difference between collaborative and individual writing processes occurs. Individually, only one opinion and set of facts are considered whereas, for a group multiple sets of research are examined during the wr iting process. The individual writer, assumingly, doesnt want to bore the reader with information that is not pertinent to the outcome.The writer will usually discuss the information obtained with another individual to gain another perspective. When a team is researching and encounters a problem or an obstacle, it is a good choice having the writers solution will assist the reader in understanding how the information was obtained and provide some explanation as to why the information provided was arranged in that particular order. doggedness and cohesion make an essay easier to comprehend and more pleasurable for the reader.A writer may arrange his facts in several different manners that may include chronological order, alphabetical order or by subject matter, for example. After the team is comfortable with all of the researched facts, the team as a solid decides what information is most pertinent to the subject matter and what will provide the most enjoyable read. Editing plays a major role in writing any type of document. In particular, when writing an essay one will have to pay close attention during the proofreading step to ensure that proper editing takes place.A group that collaborates and goes through the editing process as a team has a better chance of catching a mistake than if it was edit only by the individual who wrote the paper as a singular source. and intelligently when being read. When these steps are practiced the writing process is easier to accomplish. This will help detect many mistakes that were made that the editors eyes may have overlooked. By following this rule, you become very familiar with the information that you have researched to spell your essay. Obviously, when working in a group this step is automatically performed.If some part of the work does not sound correct to a member of the group, they should then go back and try to detect their problems. If the team overlooks these problems, they will only compound them and create more problems later on in the essay which gives more reinforcement for working on a paper as a team rather than individually. One example of this may be found in the inclusion of unnecessary information. A way to resolve this would be to include information in a precise manner. Sending a good centre to the readers of your essay will allow them to comprehend the subject more easily.Another pitfall that one may encounter would be to repeat sentences over and over. One should stay focused on the most important sentences without adding any unnecessary filler for emphasis. The structure and length of the sentences makes an enormous difference to the readers. If the essay is not incorporated properly, readers will most likely become unfocused on the message, resulting in distraction. Team identity is very important when the writing process starts. Team meetings and popular consultations among members of the group will assist in developing a viable team identity.A good suggestion for fi nding a specific members identity would be to find out what each person does best and what he or she isntgood at and build from that. Each person on the writing group should be assigned a different function toward the completion of the paper. Throughout life, school has taught children how to work as a team. Sports are a good example on how teamwork is practiced and writing a paper is only different in the aspect of it isnt physical. The team charter helps the team understand one another. It also states the strengths of the individuals in the group.By using this information, each team member can be put in a stake to succeed. This allows the identity to show through the work that is done. Success follows when teams learn their identity in classrooms and in the workplace. References Meyer, R. G. Meyer. (2003). The Writing Process Steps. Writing Prompts. Retrieved from http//www. ettc. net/writing/PDFfiles/Writing%20Process%20Steps. pdf (The Writing Process Steps, para. 1) Renard, J. Retrieved October 25, 2009 from. http//www. goodreads. com/quotes/show_tag? name=writing&page=2

Advantages and Disadvantages of Education

Sh ar on facebookSh be on twitterSh are on emailShare on p matter to_shareMore share Services130 K nowa geezerhood conductge is power and for those exercise this article, at least a basic level of that power of teaching methodal activity has been accessible. However there are instances in the benignantness where the distri only whenion of gentility is skewed. The advantages and disadvantages of education although seemingly quite clear apprize be searchd to quite a detailed level.It is usu ally the benefits of education that are extolled from eon to time and there is ofttimes strength in that argument since the one thing that separates man from animals is the ability to advance noesis and expertise from one propagation to the next. On the different deliberate some may argue about the difference mingled with having an education and possessing knowledge. Here we try and develop a debate about the advantages and disadvantages of education keeping in mind all points of vi ew. Advantages of EducationHuman Capital To build upon the previous point, when looked at from a macro perspective, an educated people provides a more invaluable human capital base to the economy. A developed economy has maximum concentration of jobs in the tertiary sector which requires a highly complete treat force which has expertise in specific fields. For instance the most developed country in the orb, the USA has the most skilled human resources with maximum efficiency. Also, ontogenesis countries which adopt tried and tested technologies from other nations require skilled engineers, technicians and managers who disregard put it to good use.This can only be achieved by providing quality education to the population at a primary, secondary and higher secondary level. Broadens perspective This is one of the key advantages of education. Even if we consider scotch benefit of education but its most master(prenominal) contribution that it helps in changing minds of people. Education makes people understand other cultures, religions, come outs and culture. It helps gain understanding of what the land is all about. This very important if we see from perspective of developing nations which are plagued by old notions.In countries such as India girl and boy child are divergentiated. Even worse women are considered cause of girl child while science tells that it is the other panache round. Similar old style dogmas exists everywhere in the world and the only way to eradicate them is proper education. Hones potential An education provides individuals with the ability to develop their potential to a much greater extent. Exposure to different fields and interests allows a person to choose between a number of options and hone in on the one field that they obligate the ability to stand out in.This excessively helps develop interest in a number of other non-academic fields such as art, culture, music, all of which are important to have a wholesome livel ihood. It improves interaction between people and results in more efficient exchanges. Better job prospects The conventional way of proceeding in life through the ages has been in four stages puerility and education, putting knowledge to work by obtaining a career, raising a family, growing old and retiring from the daily conundrums of life.The full-dress step after the sign childhood years is to attend an educational institute and gather as much knowledge and information as realizable for a better life in the future. This helps in developing a better base for securing a career later thus advancing the individual into the next phase of life. This helps in providing the basics such as food, water and shelter as well as a host of other needs. Thus, a better education allow for ensure higher returns and accompanyingly a better quality of life.Dispels inequality For individuals who do not have a tight or fortunate background, the preparation of quality education puts them at the same footing as the vast majority of job seekers allowing them to rise from their present level. This phenomenon, also known as diffusive solelyice, helps in reducing inequalities, both(prenominal) economic and social, in society. The immensity of education has been recognised by the international community as can be ascertained by the Right to Education Act which has been in existence since 1952 in the European Convention on Human Rights and obliges all signatories to guarantee the right to education.The get together Nations International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 guarantees this right on a global scale. These facts display how seriously countries the world over have interpreted the aspect of education to be. Especially for developing countries, improving the quality of life of its population through education and all its subsequent effects is of utmost precedency and has indeed been undertaken on a large scale by all such countries. Disadva ntages of EducationThough it is widely accepted that education is all important(p) for the growth and development of an individual, the fair through which this is carried out can vary from one place to another. most societies may be of the opinion that education can be transmitted just as well through unconventional media as it is through schools, colleges and other education institutes. In olden times knowledge was passed on over generations through learning on the job and elders stories a formal route of attending school and college was not stressed upon. Here we explore some of the disadvantages of education.Status symbol These days a quality education has become a means for discrimination. As if the regular economic and social barriers werent enough, now the level of education and place from where it has been obtained, have become valid grounds for looking down upon people. As has been claimed by an Ivy League graduate himself, an elect education has its own inadequacies. T he ambience in which these elite students are instructed and taught brings upon most a sense of false achievement and superiority which widens the chasm between members of society.People who attend other less prestigious schools are regarded with disdain and the entire concept of self-worth is derived from the grade or CGPA system. People are testd by the numbers they carry around GPAs, ranks, grades which may not be a wholesome representation of who they are or what their potential is. Although it is no crime to nurture excellence, refraining from making it a criterion to judge people on is important. Restricts ideas Some forms of education blindly impose ideas upon young minds instead of teaching them to think for themselves.The whole purpose of an education is to allow the learner to apply themselves to think large and better. However a faulty education system can do more harm than good in this respect. It can be argued that those without a formal education are more ready an d equipped to handle a dog eat dog world. They may have gathered their knowledge from get for which there is no substitute. Hence, unless the mode of education is wholesome and nurtures all aspects of an individuals personality, it may not be as advantageous as expected.After exploring both aspects of the argument, it is safe to say that the advantages and disadvantages of education point toward one direction. Though it has its drawbacks, if implemented correctly, an education system is very helpful in improving the quality of human life. It helps in transmitting knowledge, skills, customs and values, all of which are essential in the development of an individual. Thus, this discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of education have led us to the conclusion that the importance of education far outweighs its negatives.Advantages and Disadvantages of EducationShare on facebookShare on twitterShare on emailShare on pinterest_shareMore Sharing Services130 Knowledge is power and f or those reading this article, at least a basic level of that power of education has been accessible. However there are instances in the world where the distribution of education is skewed. The advantages and disadvantages of education although seemingly quite clear can be explored to quite a detailed level.It is usually the benefits of education that are extolled from time to time and there is much strength in that argument since the one thing that separates man from animals is the ability to advance knowledge and expertise from one generation to the next. On the other hand some may argue about the difference between having an education and possessing knowledge. Here we try and develop a debate about the advantages and disadvantages of education keeping in mind all points of view. Advantages of EducationHuman Capital To build upon the previous point, when looked at from a macro perspective, an educated population provides a more valuable human capital base to the economy. A develo ped economy has maximum concentration of jobs in the tertiary sector which requires a highly skilled work force which has expertise in specific fields. For instance the most developed country in the world, the USA has the most skilled human resources with maximum efficiency. Also, developing countries which adopt tried and tested technologies from other nations require skilled engineers, technicians and managers who can put it to good use.This can only be achieved by providing quality education to the population at a primary, secondary and higher secondary level. Broadens perspective This is one of the key advantages of education. Even if we consider economic benefit of education but its most important contribution that it helps in changing minds of people. Education makes people understand other cultures, religions, places and culture. It helps gain understanding of what the world is all about. This very important if we see from perspective of developing nations which are plagued by old notions.In countries such as India girl and boy child are differentiated. Even worse women are considered cause of girl child while science tells that it is the other way round. Similar old style dogmas exists everywhere in the world and the only way to eradicate them is proper education. Hones potential An education provides individuals with the ability to develop their potential to a much greater extent. Exposure to different fields and interests allows a person to choose between a number of options and hone in on the one field that they have the ability to excel in.This also helps develop interest in a number of other non-academic fields such as art, culture, music, all of which are important to have a wholesome life. It improves interaction between people and results in more efficient exchanges. Better job prospects The conventional way of proceeding in life through the ages has been in four stages childhood and education, putting knowledge to work by obtaining a career , raising a family, growing old and retiring from the daily conundrums of life.The logical step after the initial childhood years is to attend an educational institute and gather as much knowledge and information as possible for a better life in the future. This helps in developing a better base for securing a career later thus advancing the individual into the next phase of life. This helps in providing the basics such as food, water and shelter as well as a host of other needs. Thus, a better education will ensure higher returns and subsequently a better quality of life.Dispels inequality For individuals who do not have a wealthy or fortunate background, the provision of quality education puts them at the same footing as the vast majority of job seekers allowing them to rise from their present level. This phenomenon, also known as distributive justice, helps in reducing inequalities, both economic and social, in society. The importance of education has been recognised by the inte rnational community as can be observed by the Right to Education Act which has been in existence since 1952 in the European Convention on Human Rights and obliges all signatories to guarantee the right to education.The United Nations International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 guarantees this right on a global scale. These facts display how seriously countries the world over have taken the aspect of education to be. Especially for developing countries, improving the quality of life of its population through education and all its subsequent effects is of utmost priority and has indeed been undertaken on a large scale by all such countries. Disadvantages of EducationThough it is widely accepted that education is essential for the growth and development of an individual, the medium through which this is carried out can vary from one place to another. Some societies may be of the opinion that education can be transmitted just as well through unconventional med ia as it is through schools, colleges and other education institutes. In olden times knowledge was passed on over generations through learning on the job and elders stories a formal route of attending school and college was not stressed upon. Here we explore some of the disadvantages of education.Status symbol These days a quality education has become a means for discrimination. As if the regular economic and social barriers werent enough, now the level of education and place from where it has been obtained, have become valid grounds for looking down upon people. As has been claimed by an Ivy League graduate himself, an elite education has its own inadequacies. The atmosphere in which these elite students are instructed and taught brings upon most a sense of false achievement and superiority which widens the chasm between members of society.People who attend other less prestigious schools are regarded with disdain and the entire concept of self-worth is derived from the grade or CG PA system. People are judged by the numbers they carry around GPAs, ranks, grades which may not be a wholesome representation of who they are or what their potential is. Although it is no crime to nurture excellence, refraining from making it a criterion to judge people on is important. Restricts ideas Some forms of education blindly impose ideas upon young minds instead of teaching them to think for themselves.The whole purpose of an education is to allow the learner to apply themselves to think bigger and better. However a faulty education system can do more harm than good in this respect. It can be argued that those without a formal education are more ready and equipped to handle a dog eat dog world. They may have gathered their knowledge from experience for which there is no substitute. Hence, unless the mode of education is wholesome and nurtures all aspects of an individuals personality, it may not be as advantageous as expected.After exploring both aspects of the argument, it is safe to say that the advantages and disadvantages of education point toward one direction. Though it has its drawbacks, if implemented correctly, an education system is very helpful in improving the quality of human life. It helps in transmitting knowledge, skills, customs and values, all of which are essential in the development of an individual. Thus, this discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of education have led us to the conclusion that the importance of education far outweighs its negatives.

The Impact of Colonialism

It is al to the highest degree a wedded presently that most alwaysyone considers colonialism as a mistake. They thought that the spreading of ideas, culture, and religion would make believe a positive effect on the native cultures they colonized. In fact though, these changes had an adverse effect on the peoples of these countries. For although many laud the efforts of these countries to spread Christianity, some question the motives of these countries in dealing the everyday needs of these people. In seeing the natives as inferior the m other countries were able to give up their treatment of them.At this time many subscribed to the touch of manifest destiny and social Darwinism. This is the belief in which the colonizing of other countries is justified by the belief that if God hadnt wanted these people to be colonized He wouldnt have let it happen, or would have provided the colonized with the same engineering which would make an invasion impossible. Another item that has caus ed a lot of strife within the lives of the natives is in the domain of education. For many natives the history of their bucolic before colonization is very foggy.They have been schooled from day one on the histories of their European conquerors, but seldom is the history of the native cultural even discussed let alone taught. This reminds me of the purpose made in Jamaica Kincaids novel A Small Place in which she comments approximately getting a day off of school for Queen Victorias birthday. In the book Kincaid reconciles that most of the people on the island of Antigua dont even realize why they have been given a holiday. This type of confusion is typical in dealing with the relationship between colony and colonizer.It is however slack to sympathize with the colonizing country because they atomic number 18 teaching the only thing they know. They cant teach ab step up the native culture because they have no clue of the history. In fact probably the best order would have be en to leave the history part of education in the hands of the natives. In other subjects, such as math, the colonizing may then be able to add insights that may not have been unvarnished to the natives. But as for the history of the country, there is nothing that a colonizing country can tell a native culture that wasnt already known.As Jamaica Kincaid implies in her book, if there is one thing that was sorely missed after the English left Antigua it is the fact that for the first time in Antigua there were woodland built, well organized places to learn. As kincaid explains in the book, the beautiful library built by the British has since been demolished. And although the renovations for a new one were supposed to end years ago it hasnt worked out that way. The library has now been moved to a tiny apartment above a grocery store.Where once these books had been categorically laden on shelves, they were now gathering dust, strewn across the floor and randomly inserted into cardbo ard boxes. This demise of education in Antigua says only one thing to me, that being that the emphasis of the government is in the wrong place. It is true that Antigua has had their problems with a corrupt government that is to a greater extent interested in padding their pockets with foreign money than doing anything to improve the state of education.For what does it mean when you have a Minister of Education, possibly that you have no education? Often in looking for the hard-hitting effects of colonialism, the biggest effects are often missed. While pondering the effects of religion, commerce, and education, sometimes the effect of prejudice is left forgotten. We must realize that these are human beings that, in some cases, have just recently gained independence from their mother country.The problem with one country capturing another is the fact that the capturing country now thinks they are in some way superior to the country they have defeated. There is an beam of inequality in these situations. One country is taught to feel as if their people are inferior and are therefore subject to obey the laws and rules set down by the ruling peoples. The obvious problem that arises from this topographic point is the fact that there is now a proud native people that have been reduced to printing as though they are less than the Europeans who have colonized them.This in turn creates a blether effect that infects the future generations that also feel as though they are inferior. Hopefully eventually this extensive chain ends, and a few are able to see beyond the situation being presented without delay in their face. They are able to see that the prejudice is simply one country trying to relieve another subservient to their wishes. And are in turn able to avoid the pit to which every other native has fallen victim to. These are sometimes the leaders that are able to lead their countries out of colonialism and into independence.Then again these leaders sometimes en d up being as ruthless, or worse, than the colonizing country. This is where Kincaids comment from her book must be looked at a little more closely. She states that it is unfair to harshly judge the job of ruling that the Antiguans did after independence. Her point is that if corrupt ruling is all that you have ever witnessed, one cant be expected to know how to suddenly run a prospered country. For in many of these countries they are neck deep in problems with no end in sight.Yes, they were given their independence by the mother country, but in most cases the natives were left high and dry by the mother country financially. In conclusion, it is unfortunate that our world has been marred by the practice of colonialism. And even more unfortunate that so many countries in the world subscribed that same practice. It is hard to argue that we as a people have matured all that much since the days of colonialism. But if we as valet de chambre are able to avoid this terrible practice we are taking a step in the right direction.

Othello and Family Guy

Othello Cast inspired by the characters of Michaela N Cleveland brown as Othello Cleveland Brown is e genuinelywhereall a kind person with a hot temper. He becomes grabby easily, especially in terms of his marriage and wife. Cleveland trusts his friends to a fault, and is dim-witted. All these traits strike a strong comparison to Othello. Similar to Othello, Cleveland racially does non fit in among friends, and both are treated different as a result. dickens men also are trusted by their friends, and care more to the highest degree what is going to make them happy in the moment, rather than long term.Cleveland and Othello tend to speak coarsely and slowly, as opposed to those who they mingle with. Othello and Cleveland furthermore are laid back. The men usually are the puppets of their mates, going with the flowing and believing the most ridiculous of things. Cleveland represents Shakespeares Othello quite perfectly. Brian as Iago Brian is exceedingly intelligent, logical, an d rational character. He is trusted, but not loyal to those who trust him. His motivations are not always clear or obvious.Brian is thought of as mans stovepipe friend but he doesnt act that way. He is generally mean spirited, quick-tempered, and has a sarcastic, dry, yet hilarious, whizz of humor. These traits bear resemblance to Iago, Othellos enemy. Iago and Brian are also manipulative, deceptive, and untrustworthy. Both characters lack a sense of emotion and compassion, as they are willing to do things, like kill friends or a wife, easily. Brian has a crush on Louis, and Iago is taken by Desdemona.To driveher they have a love-hate relationship with women, enjoying them physically, but annoyed with femininity and emotional drama. Iago and Brian mirror each other perfectly. Lois as Desdemona Lois is a complex, sweet, yet dark, jealous, and somewhat cold-hearted cleaning woman. She is known to cheat, be devious, and be extremely flirtatious, which in turn gets her into trouble. She loves her husband, but doesnt have a problem with being unfaithful to him. She is known to be a beauty, and to have left her father to pursue a crazy lifestyle.Lois is a strong, independent woman despite being a wife. She furthermore has a bewitching affect over men, and she uses this gift to get what she wants. Desdemona is very(prenominal) much like Lois in all this attributes. Desdemona seems innocent but is truly brilliantly mischievous. Both are smart, but dont always think before they act. They are both comparable, thus match beautifully. Joe Swanson as Michael Cassio Joe makes a perfect Cassio. Joe is a police officer, just as Cassio is a lieutenant.Joe is devoted, loyal, moral, masculine, buff, admirable, and honorable. Cassio in Othello is also very much like this. Glenn falloff as Roderigo Roderigo is rich, rather foolish, too trusting of Iago, and interested in Desdemona. Quagmire is also well off, acts unintelligently, and is interested in women to an extreme. Bot h men are so obsessed over a certain woman they will do whatever it takes. They trust their friends to a fault and lack compassion. Both men exemplify immaturity too. Therefore, Quagmire and Roderigo quite nicely pair up. comely as Bianca Bianca and Bonnie were prostitutes, loved fame and a title. They spoke softly and meaningfully. Carter as Brabanzio Carter is fatherly, rich, over-protective of his daughter, self-important, powerful, devious, blustering, and gets angry with his daughters husband numerously. Brabanzio is also fatherly, a senator, very protective of his daughter, devious, blubbering, self-intelligible, and is upset when his daughter leaves him for Othello. Both men hate their sons-in-law with a fiery passion. They are two of a kind.

Company accounting ch1 tut working Essay

The get along with of directors has resolved to tilt the chronicle constitution for treatment of advertising expenditure. Previously, advertising expenditure has been expensed as incurred. Following extensive market place research, the board has taken the view that benefits from advertising expenditure in the form of product awareness and swop magnitude sales result be received by the company over a 3- grade flowing fol levels the expenditure. Due to a late fire and water damage to the companys explanation records, expound of advertising expenditure in earlier years have been destroyed. RequiredThe board of directors has approached you for advice regarding the disclosures, if any, which are needed for this shift in score policy.As the change in chronicle policy was voluntary, the provisions of divide 29 of AASB 108 are applicable as follows the nature of the changethe reasons that applying the new invoice policy provides authentic and more germane(predicate) in formation to the extent practicable, the amount of the qualifying for the current and previous periods to each financial statement origin event affected and, if applicable, the basic and diluted earnings per share the amount of the adjustment relating to periods prior to those presented to the extent practicable if retrospective application is impracticable, the circumstances that led to the existence of that condition and a description of how and from when the change in accounting policy was applied.To comply with paragraph 29, the change in accounting policy none may be worded as follows (other variations are possible)The board of directors has resolved to change the accounting policy fortreatment of advertising expenditure. Previously, advertising expenditure had been expensed as incurred. However, following extensive market research, the board has taken the view that benefits from advertising expenditure in the form of product awareness and increased sales and will be recei ved by the company over a 3 year period following the expenditure. Accordingly, the board believes the new accounting policy will provide reliable and more relevant information.Retrospective application of this change in accounting policy is impractical following a recent fire and water damage which has destroyed the companys accounting records.Note, insufficient information was provided in the case study to determine the amount of the adjustments for the current period to each financial statement line item affected calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share and how and from when the change in accounting policy was applied.Case Study 3 MaterialityAntelope Ltd is a supply company specialising in providing catering services to remote area mine sites. The company has operations in Australia barely during the current year it acquired hearty long-term contracts in Pakistan and Nigeria. AASB 8 Operating Segments requires entities to disclose material segment information but A ntelope Ltd has failed to comply with this requirement RequiredDiscuss whether the non-disclosure of information about operations in Pakistan and Nigeria would be material. development is material if its omission or misstatement would influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial chronicle (the Conceptual Framework, paragraph QC11). The non-disclosure of information relating the existence of long-term contracts in both Pakistan and Nigeria would be material to the users of Antelopes financial statement. Both countries are politically and economically unstable so there is a noteworthy risk that these operations could be disrupted exposing AntelopeLtd to potential goinges on the contracts and other losses if integrated employees are harmed or property is destroyed. Disclosing the information allows users to factor in such risks into their predictions about the companys future performance and position and ensures an informed decision is make.Furtherm ore, paragraph 12 of AASB 1031 notesIn deciding whether an item or an aggregate of items is material, the size and nature of the omission or misstatement of the items usually need to be evaluated together. In particular circumstances, either the nature or the amount of an item or an aggregate of items could be the determine factor. For example an entity expands its operations into a new segment which affects the assessment of the risks and opportunities facing the entity (paragraph 12(b)(iii)).Practice QuestionsQAEWRTQUESTION 12.1 situation This solution is only one possibility. Students may use alternative or average radix amounts.1.Unrecorded creditors invoicesThese invoices understate Expenses (purchases and service related expenses) and Accounts Payable by $62 150.Base AmountError as % of baseProfit before tax$352 00017.7% (62 150/352 000)Payables (current)316 00019.7% (62 150/316 000)As the error is greater than 10% of both base amounts it is material and must be adjusted.If t he invoices all relate to purchases within a everlasting(a) inventory system the accounts affected are Inventories (current asset) and Accounts Payable (current liability) and there will be nil service effect.2. sales invoices not processedThese invoices understate both Sales Revenue and Accounts Receivable by $50 000. Additionally, address of goods sold (expense) is understated and Inventory (current asset) is overstated by $36 000. The profit effect is $14 000 ($50 000 $36 000).Base AmountError as % of baseProfit before tax$352 0004.0% (14/352)Sales Revenue3 600 0001.4% (50/3 600)Receivables (current)621 0008.1% (50/621)Inventory (current)345 00010.4% (36/345)The omitted invoices are material in relation to inventories and should be adjusted.3.Bankruptcy of debtor after heralding dateThe adjustment will increase Bad Debts expense by $89 120 and decreaseAccounts Receivable by $89 120.Base AmountError as % of baseProfit before tax$352 00025.3% (89 120/352 000)Receivables (curre nt)621 00014.4% (89 120/621 000)The overstatement is material in relation to both base amounts and must be adjusted as it relates to conditions existing at reporting date. QUESTION 12.3The significant variances between the provision for indorsement and the actual repairs in the two years indicate that either the policy of using a percentage of net credit sales as a means of estimating warranty costs is not appropriate, or the percentage used is not adequate. The company needs to look at changing either its policy or perhaps simply increasing the percentage used. Past claims as a percentage of past net credit sales should provide a reliable measure. If a new percentage is adopted it will be applied prospectively (from 2015-16 on) according to AASB 108 paragraph 36.If the variance for 2014-15 was due(p) to an error in calculation then, providing it is material, the figures for 2014-15 should be retrospectively corrected (according to AASB 108 paragraph 42) by the following presenta tionRetained earnings (1 July 2015)Dr 8 000Provision for WarrantyCr8 000Additionally, this would indicate that the variance in 2013-14 may be a one- dispatch aberration.QUESTION 12.5Release of investigators report on 1 August 2015The release of the report and the decision that damages were payable by Antelope Ltd provide new information about conditions existing at the end of the reporting period given that the release of the noxious gases occurred in June 2015. At $750 000 the amount is all the way material (in relation to profit before tax of $360 000) and the following adjustment should be madeJune 30 alter expenseDr750 000Damages payableCr750 000(Recognition of damages liability)Credit notes raised on 9 July 2015As these credit notes relate to sales which occurred prior to the end of the reporting period this provides more information about conditions existing at 30 June 2015 and will (or may, depending on materiality) require adjustment by journal entry. However, as the credit notes represent only nigh 4% of profit before tax ($15 000/$360 000), it could be argued that no adjustment is necessary on the grounds of immateriality. The journal entry (ignoring materiality considerations) is shown belowJune 30Sales returns and allowsDr15 000Accounts receivableCr15 000(Credit notes relating to June sales)Liquidation of debtorAs the liquidation was caused by an event after the end of the reporting period no adjustment will be made as this information does not change the situation that existed at 30 June 2015. However, the $52 000 loss (80 cents in the dollar x $65 000) will be material to next years scratch based onthe current years profit before tax ($52 000/$360 000 = 14%), and must be disclosed by note.Antelope LtdNotes to the financial statements year end 30 June 2015Note XEvents occurring after the end of the reporting period In September 2015, a debtor owing $65 000 went into liquidation. The company expects to recover only 20% of the amount owing.QUEST IONAASB 108, paragraph 36 requires that the effect of a change in an accounting estimate shall be recognised prospectively by including it in profit or loss in the period of the change. New information in the form of debts which actually went bad during the year ended 30 June 2015 proved that the estimate of doubtful debts as at 30 June 2014 (last year) was inadequate and should have been $17 600 rather than $12 000. The amount of $5 600 ($17 600 $12 000) in bad debts written off that was more than allowed for last year has been added to bad debts expense for the current year (i.e. prospectively) in accordance with paragraph 36. The balance of the bad debts expense for the current year, $23 400, is comprised of $17 800 (allowance for doubtful debts as at 30 June 2015 based on an analysis of outstanding account receivable balances) plus $5 600 (adjustment for underestimation of allowance for doubtful debts as at 30 June 2014).The key issue here is whether or not the change in the wa y Mousedeer Ltd estimates its doubtful debts is a change in an accounting policy. AASB 108, paragraph 35 states A change in the measurement basis applied is a change in an accounting policy, and is not a change in an accounting estimate. When it is difficult to distinguish a change in an accounting policy from a change in an accounting estimate, the change is treated as a change in an accounting estimate. The asset here is Accounts Receivable, a financial asset which is measured at the lower of nominal value and recoverable amount.Where a debt is not expected to be collected in complete it isdisclosed in the financial statements at its expected amount via the allowance for doubtful debt adjustment. The change in the way this recoverable amount is estimated does not change the measurement basis and is therefore not a change in accounting policy. Mousedeer Ltd should disclose the nature and amount of any change in an accounting estimate (according to AASB 108 paragraph 39), usually i n its accounting policy note.

Social Reforms, India

The domesticize activities united people and the attack on institutions equivalent rank which hampered hearty unity created a sense of oneness in the people. But most of these reform movements had authentic limitations. The questions to which they gave primacy concerned tho small sections of Indian indian lodge. or so of them failed to emphasize or even recognize that compound radiation diagram was inimical to the kindles of the Indian people. Most of them worked within the framework of their respective communities in a trend tended to promote identities found on religion or association.Many of these limitations were sought to be overcome during the track down of the subject field movement with which many friendly and ghostly reformers were closely associated. Indian matterism aimed at the regeneration of the intact Indian order irrespective of caste and community. It was no longer necessary to confine the movement of friendly reform to ones own community. http/ /www. historytuition. com/indian_society_in_colonial_period/ well-disposed_reforms/impact_of_the_reform_movements http//www. indianetzone. com/22/indian_socio- sacred_reform_movements_nineteenth_century. tm A reform movement is a kind of amicable movement that aims to make gradual change, or change in certain aspects of society rather than rapid or fundamental changes. A reform movement is distinguished from more base social movements such(prenominal) as revolutionary movements. Reformists ideas are often grounded in liberalism, although they may be root in utopian, socialist or religious concepts. Some entrust on personal transformation others rely on small collectives, such as Mahatma Gandhis spinning wheel and the self sustaining village economy, as a mode of social change. 1. rajah Ram Mohan Roy rajah Ram Mohan Roy was popularly known as the Father of Indian Renaissance was born(p)(p) on 22nd May 1772 in a Brahmin family in Bengal. He founded the Atmiya Sabha in 1815 and the Brahmo Samaj on 20th August 1828. Through these Institutions he fought against Orthodox Hindoos and the fanatic Christian Missionaries. He was against of Sati system, Polygamy, Child conjugation, Caste system and Untouchability. He was the great instigateer of Inter-caste marriage, women education, Widow remarriages etc. Ram Mohan started issue Newspapers and Magazines for which he was called the Father of Indian Journalism. . Mahatma Gandhi According to Gandhi I would make the spinning-wheel, the foundation on which micturate a sound village life. Gandhian way of education put strain on the ripening of body, mind, heart & soul. His scheme of education he called Nai Talim a beautiful blend of craft, art, health & education in one & covers the whole education of the individual till death. His education is more for girls than the boys. Gandhi ji was the low gear who class the bridge between touchable & untouchable. He was the devotee of non-violence. 3. Gopabandhu DashGop abandhu Dash (18771928) known as Utkal Mani(Gems of Odisha) was a shaping social worker who excelled in the field of politics as hearty as literature. Gopabandhu was a story in the Indian culture. He go tod his people even at the cost of his family. During his study period, he started Kartavya Bodhini Samiti (Duty modify Society) to encourage his friends to do their duty as citizens and take on social, economic and political problems. He was pencil lead a team to aid flood victims, when he heard of his sons serious illness just remained to serve the locals rather than return home to his son. e became the founder president of intercourse in Odisha. 4. Swami Vivekananda Swami Vivekananda was another historic well-disposed Reformer who brought apparitional reawakening among the Indians in the 19th Century, popularly known as the Intellectual monk of India He was born in Calcutta on 12th, January, 1863. He began his life of wondering all over the verdant with his message of A wakened India or Prabhuda Bharat. He set-up Ramakrishna Mission on 1st May, 1897. According to him, Man is the producer of his own Destiny. The whole world has been made by the energy of man, by the power of faith. 5. Swami Dayanada SaraswatiSwami Dayanada born in 1824 in a small town of Gujarat. Swami Dayananda Saraswati, the founder of the Arya Samaj was one of the maker of Modern India. His Arya Samaj gave emphasis on the liberation of the Hindu Society. He called people Go back to the Veda created consciousness among the people. He potently unconnected Idol morality, ritualism, implement of animal sacrifice, the idea of Heaven etc. This movement withal challenged the Christian Missionaries who tried to convert the uneducated, poor and depressed classes of the Hindus. 6. Annie Besant Annie Besant was of Irish origin and made India her secondly home.She fought for the rights of Indian and was the first woman president of Indian National Congress. In 1893, she left(p) for I ndia having been settled by the Indian culture and civilization. She was celebrated as a social worker, educationalist, journalist, prominent Theosophist, social reformer, political leader, womens rights activist, source and orator. She fought for the Human Rights of Indian women. 7. Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was born on April 14, 1891 in Mhow (presently in Madhya Pradesh). Dr. B. R. Ambedkar is viewed as messiah of dalits and downtrodden in India. He was the chairman of the drafting committee in 1947.Bhimrao Ambedkar experienced caste discrimination right from the electric shaverhood. he was the first who reduce the bridge between tribal & non-tribal. 8. Medha Patkar Medha Patkar was born in Mumbai. On 28 March 2006, Patkar started a hunger-strike to protest against the decision of the government to raise the height of the Narmada Dam. She ended her 20-day fast on 17 April 2006, after the Supreme Court of India refused the Narmada Bachao Andolans collection to stop the construction of the dam. She was held by the police at Singur on 2 December 2006 after protesting against the encyclopedism of farmland. She is a great social Reformer & social Activist. . Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade was a distinguished judge, writer cum social reformer of India during the pre-independence era. Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade was a judge, politician, writer cum reformer of India. Politically, Ranade established the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha and was as well among those who played a phenomenal role in setting up the Indian National Congress dowery. Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade was similarly an active reformer. He set up the affectionate Conference movement, which worked against infant marriages, widows remarriage, protrudelay heavily in marriages and other social functions.Ranade advocated for widow remarriage and female education. 10. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee Bankim Chandra Chatterjee was a grat poet and novelist. In his f amous hold Kamala Kanter Daffer pointed out the social satanics and blind beliefs prevalent in Indian Soiety, which were pertaining to injustice to the poor and the downtrodden. He advocated remwedial measures for the obliteration of all the evils. He wanrs to maintain equality between the rich and the poor. The famous songBande Mataram was his creation. Most Hindus today noneffervescent adhere to traditional teachings and perpetrate passed down via the four main communities.What has been termed modern Hinduism has grown by and large out of a number of quite radical reform movements of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. These movements had a comparatively small number of followers and by no means re break throughd or superseded the major traditional forms of Hinduism. Some specific reform movements, like the Arya Samaj and the Ramakrishna Mission, still continue to be influential. The reform movements largely emerged from the growing opposition that Hindu thinkers h ad with western sandwich thought, culture and religion. Below are the four most important movements and the proposes associated with them. The Brahmo SamajThe Brahmo Sabha was founded in 1828 by Rama Mohan Roy (left) and in 1843 was restructured and renamed Brahmo Samaj by Devendranatha Tagore, father of the well-known poet, Rabindranatha Tagore. Rama Mohan was extremely learned and strongly influenced by Christianity. He disagreed with the doctrine of reincarnation and fought to abolish certain traditional practices, some of which had been grossly misused. These included caste, polygamy, image worship,sati, and barbarian marriage. His ideas of worship were drawn largely from Christianity. Devendranatha Tagore was greatly influenced by the western philosophy of Locke and Hume.He tried to reform the Brahmo Samaj still lacking support eventually left. Keshab Chandra Sen join the Samaj in 1857 and initially worked with Tagore. But later(prenominal) disagreeing with Tagores ideas, he left to establish his own movement. Today the Brahmo Samaj has but a few thousand members and little visible influence on the Hindu community. It failed to fulfil the hopes of those who saw the future religion of India as a blend of Christianity and Hindu metaphysics. The Arya Samaj The Arya Samaj was founded by Swami Dayananda Sarasvati (left) in 1875 as a radical reform movement.Dayananda wanted to halt the Christian missionary onslaught and to return to the ancient Vedic tradition. He therefore sought to purge Hinduism of what he considered later additions, such as image worship, pilgrimage and ritual bathing. Although emphasising the ancient Vedic tradition, Dayananda also sought to evolve Hinduism and to re-absorb Hindus who had converted to Islam or Christianity. His movement, with its concerns over the influence of other religions sowed the seeds for the many political parties that desired to re-establish Hindu rule in India.The Arya Samaj is still an active organisation , both world- dewy-eyed and in the UK. Its members agree to follow its Ten Principles and worship largely throughhavan(the sacred fire ceremony) and recitation of the Gayatri-mantra. The Ramakrishna Mission Ramakrishna (right) was born Gadadhar Chatterji in a poor but Orthodox Bengalibrahmanafamily. As a young man he became the priest at the samphire tabernacle near Calcutta. He was later initiated as asannyasiand experienced mystical visions, peculiarly of Devi. He was profoundly influenced by Christianity and Islam and emphasised the universality of religion.He preached that Jiva is Shiva (the soul is God). He met many coetaneous reformers and it was Keshab Chandra Sen who made him first known to the world. It was Vivekananda (18631902), however, who made Ramakrishna really famous. Born into the wealthy Dutt family, he was named Narendranath. He joined the Brahmo Samaj but later became Ramakrishnas favourite disciple, receiving the name Swami Vivekananda. He was expert in prese nting Advaita Vedanta and greatly impressed the Western world in his presentation to the World Parliament of Religions in Chicago in 1893.He travelled extensively, promoting wide reform, claiming that other reformers played into the hands of Europeans. He established the Ramakrishna Mission, today well known for its social and educational programmes. Gandhis Satyagraha Mohandas Gandhi (18691947) is probably the best known Indian of the twentieth century He was primarily an educator and reformer. His eventual(prenominal) aim was to re-establish Ramarajya, the reign of headmaster Rama or, in more Western terms, the kingdom of God on Earth. He, was opposed to British oppression and particularly the way Indian cotton was sent to Manchester and the clothes returned for sale in India.He tried to free his country from this unhealthy economic dependence and sweated for Indias independence from British Rule. His means to do this wassatyagraha grasping the truth based onahimsa(non-viol ence), with an unswerving faith in God. He followed many orthodox practices and was particularly fond of theBhagavad-gita. He often referred to the still small voice within. He is most well known for his support of the untouchables. He died at the hands of an assassin, disappointed with the partition of his beloved India. sociable religious reform movements in India By Ms.Seema Lal Presentation Transcript 1. Name- Seema Lal Subject- Social science Category- secondary classes (IX & X) Topic of e-lesson- Socio religious reform movements . Target group- VIII & X Classes. 2. Learning Objectives.. 1. To teach students about rise of series of religious and social reform movements. 2. To make them understand conditions which led to the rise of these movements. 3. To tell students how these movements led to reform of both- society and religions. 4. To help them learn key role played by the reformists to uplift the status of women. 3. Index Social religious reform movements Information .Ev ils in Indian society Varna system / Caste system Raja Ram Mohan Roy Arya Samaj Ramakrishna mission Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Mahadev Govinda Ranade Annie Beasent &Theosophical society Sir Syeed Ahmed caravan inn Impact of movements / Limitations Test your Knowledge 4. SOCIO RELIGIOUS tidy up deedS 5. diverse SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS AROSE AMONG ALL COMMUNITIES OF THE INDIAN PEOPLE . IN RELIGION ATTACKED BIGOTRY,SUPERSTITION& assert OF PRIESTLY CLASSES. IN SOCIAL LIFE AMIED AT ABOLITION OF CASTES,CHILD MARRIAGE & LEGAL & SOCIAL INEQUALITIES. 6. VARIOUS SOCIAL EVILS EXISTED DURING 18 TH CENTURY.SEVERAL EVIL CUSTOMS AND PRACTICES HAD BECOME PART OF HINDU SOCIAL SYSTEM. office OF WOMEN DETERIORATED. LIFE OF HINDUS WAS GOVERENED BY CASTE SYSTEM . BACK TO INDEX 7. A SYSTEM IN WHICH womanhood WAS BURNED ON THE PYRE OF HER HUSBAND. SATI SYSTEM 8. CHILD MARRIAGE 9. NO teaching method TO GIRLS 10. NO widow REMARRIAGE 11. PARDHA SYSTEM BACK TO INDEX 12. VARNA SYSTEM KASH ATRIYAS VAISYAS SUDRAS BRAHMANAS BACK TO IND 13. FOUND BRAHMO SAMAJ IN 1828 . ABOLISHED SATI AND CHILDMARRIAGE . ADVOCATED widow woman REMARRIAGE. CONDEMNED POLYTHEISM. STOOD FOR MODERN EDUCATION FOR ALL. RAJA RAM MOHANROY 14. HE PERSUADED GOVT.TO ABOLISH SATI & CHILD MARRIAGE. STOOD FOR EQUAL RIGHTS FOR WOMEN AND THE RIGHT TO PROPERTY TO WOMEN. HE WAS AN international & SUPPORTED CAUSE OF FREEDOM EVERY WHERE. HIS SAMAJ WAS THE FIRST ATTEMPT TO REFORM HINDU SOCIETY. BACK TO IND 15. ARYA SAMAJ SWAMI DAYANAND 16. THE ARYA SAMAJ 1875 DAYANAND SARASWATI FOUNDED ARYA SAMAJ. HE ATTACKED CHILD MARRIAGE. HE WAS AGAINST IDOL WORSHIP. BELIVED IN INFALLIBLITY OF VEDAS. HE OPPOSED CASTE SYSTEM. ADVOCATED EQUAL RIGHTS FOR MEN AND WOMEN. build OF D. A. V SCHOOLS & COLLEGES WERE STARTED BY THE SAMAJ ALL OVER INDIA. BACK TO IND 17.RAMAKRISHNA MISSION FOUNDED BY VIVEKANAND DISCIPLE OF RAMAKRISHNA PARA- MHANSA. HE naturalized THE MISSION & EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS . UPLIFTED STATUS OF WOMEN . BAC K TO IND 18. ISHWAR CHANDRA VIDYASAGAR-1820-91 WORKED FOR THE CAUSE OF EMANCIPATION OF WOMEN. DUE TO HIS EFFORTS LEGAL OBSTACLES TO leave behind REMARRIAGE WERE REMOVED BY A LAW IN 1856. PROMOTED EDUCATION AMONG GIRLS & SET UP INSTITUTIONS FOR THEM . BACK TO IND 19. MAHADEV GOVINDA RANADE-1842-1901 WAS A SOUL OF THE INDIAN SOCIAL CONFERENCE-1887. CAMPAIGNED FOR ABOLITION OF CASTE,INTERCASTE MARRIAGES WIDOW REMARRIAGE,EDUCATION FOR WOMEN UPLIFTMENT OF LOWCASTES & HINDU MUSLIM- UNITY.BACK TO IND 20. ANNIE BESANT AND THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY WORKED FOR REVIVAL OF HINDUISM -ITS doctrine& MODES OF WORSHIP. HELPED IMPART INDIANS A SENSE OF PRIDE IN THEIR OWN COUNTRY. FOUNDED THE CENTRAL HINDU COLLEGE . ORGANISED HOMERULE MOVEMENT BACK TO IND 21. SYED AHMEDKHAN 22. .ESTABLISHED-MOHAMDEN ANGLO- ORENTIAL COLLEGE. .INSISTED ON COOPERATION WITH BRITISHERS AND REFORMS AMONG MUSLIMS. .PERSUADED MUSLIMS TO RECEIVE MODERN EDUCATION. ALIGARH MOVEMENT SIR SYED AHMED KHAN BACK TO IND 23. Impact of refo rm movements. EMANCIPATATION OF WOMEN. WIDOW REMARRIAGE ACT IN 1856. SATI &INFANTICIDE WERE BANNED.MARRIAGEABLE AGE OF GIRLS WAS RAISED 1860. EDUCATION TO GIRLS BEGAN. BACK TO IND 24. LIMITATIONS OF REFORM MOVEMENTS 1. THEY CONCERNED ONLY downcast SECTIONS OF SOCIETY. 2. WORKED FOR THEIR RESPECTIVE COMMUNITY. 3. FAILED TO EMPHASISE THAT COLONIAL RULE WAS INIMICAL TO THEIR INTEREST. 25. TESTING OF KNOWLEDGE Q1. WHEN WAS BRAHMO SAMAJ FOUNDED? Q2. WHO FOUNDED ARYA SAMAJ? Q3. WHAT WERE THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF SIR SYED AHMED KHAN? Q4. WHO STARTED HOMERULE MOVEMENT? Q5. key out EVILS THAT EXISTED IN INDIAN SOCIETY? Q6. WHY REFORM MOVEMENTS DID NOT BECOME POPULAR? BACK TO IND From Social religious reform movements 19th centuryMany Indians realized that the reform of social institutions and religious outlook of people was a necessary pre-condition for the growth of national unity. Through successive movements they carried forward the pioneering work started by few beginner Indians. This was a difficult task as orthodox elements formed large and strong groups in the country. During the second half of 19th century only two important laws were passed by the British government. One of these passed in 1872 sanctioned inter-caste and inter-communal marriages. The other passed in 1891 aimed to discourage nestling marriage.Brahmo Samaj Young Bengal Movement Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Veda Samaj and Prathana Samaj Rama Krishna and Vivekananda Arya Samaj Theosophical Society Sayyid Ahmad Khan and the Aligarh Movement Cultural awakening Seva Sada It was founded in 1885 by Behramji Malabari (Parsi social reformer). It was a humanitarian organization that narrow down in care of discarded and exploited women specially widows. It provided for education and social welfare of women and encouraged widow remarriage. servant of India Society founded by Gopal Krishan Gokhale in 1905 for social service. Indian National Social ConferenceAn offshoot of Prarthana Samaj, founded by Ranade a nd Raghunath Rao. Its conference was held in 1887 at Madras sharing the platform with the annual session of INC. It virtually became social reform cell of INC. Social Service League was founded in 1911 by N. M. Joshi to collect social facts, discuss them and build public opinion on question of social service. Seva Samiti It was founded by Hridayanath Kunzru in 1914 at Allahabad to organise social service, to promote education and to reform the criminals and other fallen elements of society. Pandit Ishwar Chandra VidyasagarPandit Ishwar Chandra was a great educator, humanist and social reformer. He was born in 1820 in a village in Midnapur, Bengal. He rose to be the motion Pandit of the Bengali Department of Fort William College. He firmly believed that reform in Indian society could only come about through educ ation. Vidyasagar founded many schools for girls. He helped J. D. Bethune to establish the Bethune School. He founded the Metropolitan Institution in Calcutta. He protested against chela marriage and favoured widow remarriage which was juristicized by the Widow Remarriage Act (1856).It was due to his great support for the spread of education that he was wedded the title of Vidyasagar. Jyotiba Phule Jyotiba Phule belonged to a low caste family in Maharashtra. He waged a life-long struggle against upper caste domination and Brahmanical supremacy. In 1873 he founded the Satya Shodak Samaj to fight against the caste system. He pioneered the widow remarriage movement in Maharashtra and worked for the education for women. Jyotiba Phule and his wife established the first girls school at Poona in 1851. Saint Ramalinga Saint Ramalinga was one of the foremost saints of Tamil Nadu in the nineteenth century.He was born on October 5, 1823 at Marudhur, near Chidambaram. He was the last son of his father, Ramayya Pillai and mother, Chinnammayar. Developing a deep interest in spiritual life, Ramalinga moved to Karunguli in 1858, a signal near Vadalur where the Sain t later settled down. His divine powers came to be recognised at the early age of eleven. In 1865 he founded the Samarasa Suddha Sanmargha Sangha for the promotion of his ideals of establishing a casteless society. He preached love and compassion to the people. He composed Tiru Arutpa. His other literay works include Manu Murai Kanda Vasagam and Jeeva Karunyam.His language was so simplistic as to enable the illiterate people to understand his teachings. In 1870 he moved to Mettukuppam, a place three miles away from Vadalur. in that location he started constructing the Satya Gnana Sabai in 1872. He introduced the principle that God could be hero-worship in the form of Light. Sri Vaikunda Swamigal Sri Vaikunda Swamigal was born in 1809 at Swamithoppu in the Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu. His original name was Mudichoodum Perumal but he was called Muthukkutty. He preached against the caste system and untouchability. He also condemned religious ceremonies.Many came to his place to worship him and slowly his teachings came to be known as Ayyavazhi. By the midnineteenth century, Ayyavazhi came to be recognized as a illuminate religion and spread in the regions of South Travancore and South Tirunelveli. After his death, the religion was spread on the radix of his teachings and the religious books Akilattirattu Ammanai and Arul Nool. Hundreds of Nizhal Thangals (places of worship) were built across the country. arrogance Movement and Periyar E. V. R. Periyar E. V. Ramaswamy was a great social reformer. In 1921, during the anti-liquor campaign he cut down 1000 coconut trees in his own farm.In 1924, he took an active part in the Vaikam Satyagraha. The objective of the Satyagraha was to secure for untouchables the right to use a road near a temple at Vaikom in Kerala. E. V. R. opposed the Varnashrama policy followed in the V. V. S. Iyers Seranmadevi Gurugulam. During 1920- 1925 beingness in the Congrees Party he stressed that Congress should accept communal representation. Subsequently in 1925, he started the Self-Respect Movement. The aims of the Self-Respect Movement were to uplift the Dravidians and to expose the Brahminical tyrany and deceptive methods by which they controlled all spheres of Hindu life.He denounced the caste system, child marriage and enforced widowhood. He encouraged inter-caste marriages. He himself conducted many marriages without any rituals. Such a marriage was known as Self-Respect Marriage. He gave secular names to new born babies. He attacked the laws of Manu, which he called the solid ground of the entire Hindu social fabric of caste. He founded the Tamil journals Kudiarasu, Puratchi and Viduthalai to propagate his ideals. In 1938 at Tamil Nadu Womens Conference appreciate in the noble service rendered by E. V. R. he was given the title Periyar.On 27th June 1970 by the UNESCO organization praised and adorned with the title Socrates of South Asia. Social Policies and Legislation Social Policies and Legisl ation-In the beginning, the British interest was limited to trade and earning profits from economic exploitation. Therefore, they did not evince any interest in taking the issue of social or religious reforms. They were apprehensive of interfering with the social and religious customs and institutions of the Indians because of the fear that they might lose trade advantage. Thus, they adopted the policy of extreme precaution nd indifference towards social issues in India. The one reason why they indulged in criticizing the customs and traditions of India was to generate a feeling of inferiority complex among the Indians. However, in the mid-19th century the social and religious movements, launched in India, attracted the attention of the callers administration towards the countrys social evils. The propaganda carried out by the Christian missionaries also horny the minds of the educated Indians. Western thought and education and views expressed in different newspapers and magazines had their own impact.Some of the British administrators like Lord William Bentinck had evinced personal interest in the matter. There were primarily two areas in which laws were enacted, laws pertaining to women emancipation and the caste system. Social Laws Concerning Wome The condition of women, by the time the British established their rule, was not encouraging. Several evil practices such as the practice of Sati, the Purdah system, child marriage, female infanticide, bride price and polygamy had made their life quite miserable. The place of women had come to be confined to the four walls of her home.The doors of education had been shut for them. From economic point of view also her status was miserable. There was no social and economic equality between a man and woman. A Hindu woman was not entitled to inherit any property. Thus, by and large, she was completely dependent on men. During the 19th and 20th centuries some laws were enacted with the sincere efforts of social reform ers, humanists and some British administrators to improve the condition of women in Indian society. The first effort in this direction was the word picture of law against the practice of Sati during the administration of Lord William Bentinck.Female Infanticide Female infanticide was another inhuman practice afflicting the 19th century Indian society. It was particularly in trend in Rajputana, Punjab and the North Western Provinces. Colonel Todd, Johnson Duncan, Malcolm and other British administrators have discussed about this evil custom in detail. Factors such as family pride, the fear of not finding a suitable match for the girl child and the hesitation to bend before the prospective in-laws were some of the major reasons responsible for this practice. Therefore, mmediately after birth, the female infants were being killed either by feeding them with opium or by strangulating or by purposely neglecting them. Some laws were enacted against this practice in 1795, 1802 and 1804 a nd then in 1870. However, the practice could not be completely eradicated only through legal measures. Gradually, this evil practice came to be done away through education and public opinion. Widow Remarriage There are many historical evidences to suggest that widowremarriage enjoyed social sanction during ancient period in India.In course of time the practice ceased to prevail increasing the number of widows to lakhs during the 19th century. Therefore, it became incumbent on the part of the social reformers to make sincere efforts to popularize widow remarriage by writing in newspapers and contemporary journals. Prominent among these reformers was Raja Rammohan Roy and Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar. They carried out large scale campaigns in this regard mainly through books, pamphlets and petitions with scores of signatures. In July 1856, J. P.Grant, a member of the Governor-Generals Council finally tabled a bill in support of the widow remarriage, which was passed on 13 July 1856 and ca me to be called the Widow Remarriage Act, 1856. Child Marriage The practice of child marriage was another social marking for the women. In November 1870, the Indian Reforms Association was started with the efforts of Keshav Chandra Sen. A journal called Mahapap Bal Vivah (Child marriage The Cardinal Sin) was also launched with the efforts of B. M. Malabari to fight against child marriage. In 1846, the minimum marriageable age for a girl was only 10 years.In 1891, through the enactment of the Age of Consent Act, this was raised to 12 years. In 1930, through the Sharda Act, the minimum age was raised to 14 years. After independence, the limit was raised to 18 years in 1978. Purdah System Similarly, voices were raised against the practice of Purdah during the 19th and 20th century. The condition of women among the peasantry was relatively better in this respect. Purdah was not so much prevalent in Southern India. Through the large scale participation of women in the national freedom m ovement, the system disappeared without any specific legislative measure taken against it.Struggle against the Caste System and the link Legislation Next to the issue of women emancipation, the caste system became the second most important issue of social reforms. In fact, the system of caste had become the bane of Indian society. The caste system was primarily based on the fourfold division of society viz. Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaishyas and Shudras. On account of their degradation in their social status, the Shudras were subjected to all kinds of social discrimination. In the beginning of the 19th century the castes of India had been split into innumerable subcastes on the basis of birth.In the meantime, a new social consciousness also dawned among the Indians. Abolition of untouchability became a major issue of the 19th century social and religious reform movements in the country. Mahatma Gandhi made the removal of untouchability a part of his plastic programme. He brought out a paper, The Harijan, and also organised the Harijan Sevak Sangh. Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar dedicated his entire life for the welfare of the downtrodden. In Bombay, he formed a Bahiskrit Hitkarini Sabha in July 1924 for this purpose. Later, he also organised the Akhil Bharatiya Dalit Varg Sabha to fight against caste oppression.Jyotirao Phule in Western India and Shri Narayana Guru in Kerala respectively established the Satya Shodhak Samaj and the Shri Narayana Dharma Partipalana Yogam to include self-esteem among the downtrodden. In the Madras Presidency also the beginning of 20th century witnessed the rise of Self-respect Movement of Periyar E. V. R. In order to eradicate this evil practice many other individual and institutional efforts were also made. These movements were directed mainly in removing the disabilities suffered by Harijans in regard to drawing of water from public wells, getting entry into temples and admission into schools.